Janaka ragas, or sampoorna ragas are parent ragas from which more ragas are derived. As the name suggests, Sampoorna ragas are those in which all seven swars are present. They are also called Melakartha ragas. These ragas have all seven swaras (notes) in their scales (only one of each swara, Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni), following strict ascending and descending scales and are sung in all octaves. Example of melakartha ragas are: Shankarabharanam, Kalyani, Natabhairavi, Chala Nattai, Harikambhoji, Kharaharapriya, Mayamalavagowla, and Chakravakam. Janya ragas are derived from Janaka ragas (Melakarta ragas). They may have more or less than seven notes in their scales, zig-zag (vakra) notes that step up and down, and frequently have asymmetrical scales. Janya ragas are also called Upanga ragas. Examples of Upanga ragas are: Malahari, Mohanam, Begada, Shriragam, Hamsadhvani, Vasanta, Janaranjani, Hindolam, and Todi.